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| Photograph Courtesy of Waynesville Mountaineer |
The Thomas Legion's Cherokee veterans posed for their last photograph during the New Orleans Confederate Reunion in 1903. Banner
Inscription: “Cherokee Veteran Indians of Thomas’ Legion, 69 N.C. Regiment, Suo-Noo-Kee Camp U.C.V. 4th Brigade, N.C. Division”
Pictured from left to right; Front row: Usai, Kimson Saunooke, Jesse Ross, Jesse Reed,
Sevier Skitty. Back row: Bird Saconita, Dave Owl, Lt. Colonel William Williams Stringfield, Lt. Suatie (Suyeta) Owl (Owle), Jim Cag, Wesley Crow, Jessan, Lt. Calvin Cagle. (Cagle is often reported as a member of
the Legion, but no records confirm it. However, his presence appears to connect him to the Legion). Names were furnished
by the late James R. Thomas, son of William H. Thomas. It is the editor's view that this is the most accurate "photograph
interpretation" available. Also see Photos from the Museum of the Cherokee Indian.
(Overview:
Battles and Skirmishes)
Several accounts have the Eastern
Cherokee always cowering, or retreating, in the presence of advancing Union forces in East Tennessee. Nothing could be further
from the truth. The fact is that the “East Cherokee” fought with ambush tactics. Their objective was to draw the
Union elements into the mountains and then attack! The Cherokee prowess for hunting mountain game had merely transferred, or
transitioned, to their fighting tactics. The Cherokee would apply the terrain to their advantage: stalk, pursue, and
kill. (Over hundreds of years, they had adapted from hunting game to hunting the enemy.) They merely welcomed a Union chase
into the familiar rugged mountains. The Eastern Cherokee, consequently, did not fight like the Plains Indians or the
Europeans, period.
The Cherokees reconnoitered
the enemy at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in June 1862. The Cherokees, subsequently, fought the enemy at Powell's Valley in September 1862; at the North Carolina - Tennessee line from September 1862 to June 1863; at Murphy, North Carolina, in October 1863; at Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in December 1863; at Deep Creek (Bryson City area) in February 1864; and were instrumental in forcing the Union army's surrender at White Sulphur
Springs (Waynesville) in May 1865. Prior to any skirmish or battle, the warrior consulted the traditional
oracle stone to know whether or not he would live. (Also see: Cherokee Battalion, Thomas' Legion of Indians and Highlanders:
The Beginning, Cherokee Indians: Weapons and Warfare, and William Holland Thomas's 20 Cherokee Bodyguard or "Life Guard": Includes Significant American Civil War Events Relating to Western
North Carolina.)
"...An Indian [from Thomas' Legion] always executes an order with religious
fidelity. They scrupulously respect private property--there are no reports of depredations where they are encamped. They are
the best scouts in the world..." Knoxville Register, February 21, 1863
When the Thomas Legion was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to participate in Gen. Jubal Early's Valley Campaigns, the Cherokees were
detached and assigned to defend the Southern Appalachian Mountains. During the infamous Shelton Laurel Massacre, Thomas and the Indians were assigned to Western North Carolina and were engaging bushwhackers and deserters (O.R., Series 1, Vol. 18, p. 811*), and, when the Confederate forces in the Cumberland Gap capitulated on September 9, 1863, Colonel Thomas and the two Cherokee Companies were guarding the passes of the Smokies (O.R. Ser. 1, Vol. 30, pt. III, p. 661). *Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; hereinafter cited as O.R.
Thomas was following General Buckner’s Orders and
on Sept. 2, 1863, Thomas and the two Cherokee Companies departed Strawberry Plains for Western North Carolina. While Thomas
and the Indians were en route to the mountains, Major (later Lt. Col.) William Stringfield’s sister, Mollie, spoke to Thomas
as he departed Strawberry Plains and marched down the West Valley Road toward Sevierville. Buckner's order was in response
to the great plundering of the region by outlaws, deserters and bushwhackers. With the exception of the Skirmish at Gatlinburg, Tennessee,
in December 1863, Thomas and the Cherokee Battalion spent the remainder of the Civil War defending the North Carolina Smokies (O.R., 1, 49, pt II, pp. 754-755). While in North Carolina, Thomas and the Indians were responsible for recruitment
duties, fighting bushwhackers, apprehending deserters, and engaging the Union army (Cherokee Indian Scouts and O.R., 53, 313-314).
Prior to the Thomas Legion capturing White Sulphur Springs (Waynesville),
North Carolina, in May 1865, the Thomas Legion's Cherokees encompassed the surrounding mountains and displayed
their intimidating "Cherokee War Whoops and Dances." Subsequently, the Confederates surrendered to Union forces. (The
Cherokee War Whoops were common practice in ancient Cherokee War Rituals.)
Highly
Recommended Reading:
Storm in the Mountains: Thomas' Confederate
Legion of Cherokee Indians and Mountaineers (Thomas'
Legion: The Sixty-ninth North Carolina Regiment). Vernon H. Crow, Storm in the Mountains,
spent 10 years conducting extensive Thomas Legion's research. Crow was granted access to rare manuscripts, special collections, and
privately held diaries which add great depth to this rarely discussed Civil War legion. He explores and discusses the
unit's formation, fighting history, and life of the legion's commander--a Cherokee chief and Confederate colonel--William
Holland Thomas. Continued below...
Numerous maps
and photographs allow the reader to better understand and relate to the subjects discussed. It also contains rosters
which is an added bonus for researchers and genealogists. Crow, furthermore, left no stone unturned while examining the
many facets of the Thomas Legion and his research is conveyed on a level that scores with Civil War students and scholars
alike.
Recommended
Reading:
Civil War in the Indian Territory, by
Steve Cottrell (Author), Andy Thomas (Illustrator). Review: From its beginning
with the bloody Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, to its end in surrender on June 23, 1865, the Civil War in the
Indian Territory proved to be a test of valor and endurance for both sides. Author Steve
Cottrell outlines the events that led up to the involvement of the Indian Territory in the
war, the role of the Native Americans who took part in the war, and the effect this participation had on the war and this
region in particular. As in the rest of the country, neighbor was pitted against neighbor, with members of the same tribes
often fighting against each other. Cottrell describes in detail the guerrilla warfare, the surprise attacks, the all-out battles
that spilled blood on the now peaceful state of Oklahoma.
In addition, he introduces the reader to the interesting and often colorful leaders of the military North and South, including
the only American Indian to attain a general's rank in the war, Gen. Stand Watie (member of the Cherokee Nation). With outstanding
illustrations by Andy Thomas, this story is a tribute to those who fought and a revealing portrait of the important role they
played in this era of our country's history. Continued below...
Meet
The Author: A resident of Carthage, Missouri, Steve Cottrell is a descendant of a Sixth Kansas
Cavalry member who served in the Indian Territory during the Civil War. A graduate of Missouri
Southern State College in Joplin, Cottrell has participated
in several battle reenactments including the Academy Award winning motion picture, "Glory". Active in Civil War battlefield
preservation and historical monument projects and contributor of a number of Civil War relics to regional museums, Cottrell
recently co-authored Civil War in the Ozarks, also by Pelican. It is now in its second printing.
Highly
Recommended Viewing: Indian Warriors - The Untold Story of the Civil
War (History Channel) (2007). Description: Though
largely forgotten, 20 to 30 thousand Native Americans fought in the Civil War. Ely Parker was a Seneca leader who found himself
in the thick of battle under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant. Stand Waite--a Confederate general and a Cherokee--was
known for his brilliant guerrilla tactics. Continued below...
Also highlighted
is Henry Berry Lowery, an Eastern North Carolina Indian, who became known as the Robin Hood of North Carolina. Respected Civil
War authors, Thom Hatch and Lawrence Hauptman, help reconstruct these most captivating stories, along with descendants like
Cherokee Nation member Jay Hanna, whose great-grandfathers fought for both the Union and the Confederacy. Together, they reveal a new, fresh perspective and the very
personal reasons that drew these Native Americans into the fray.
Recommended
Reading: The Cherokee Nation: A
History. Description: Conley's book, "The Cherokee Nation: A History" is an eminently
readable, concise but thoughtful account of the Cherokee people from prehistoric times to the present day. The book is formatted
in such a way as to make it an ideal text for high school and college classes. At the end of each chapter is a source list
and suggestions for further reading. Also at the end of each chapter is an unusual but helpful feature- a glossary of key
terms. The book contains interesting maps, photographs and drawings, along with a list of chiefs for the various factions
of the Cherokee tribe and nation. Continued below...
In addition
to being easily understood, a principal strength of the book is that the author questions some traditional beliefs and sources
about the Cherokee past without appearing to be a revisionist or an individual with an agenda in his writing. One such example
is when Conley tells the story of Alexander Cuming, an Englishman who took seven Cherokee men with him to England
in 1730. One of the Cherokee, Oukanekah, is recorded as having said to the King of England: "We look upon the Great King George
as the Sun, and as our Father, and upon ourselves as his children. For though we are red, and you are white our hands and
hearts are joined together..." Conley wonders if Oukanekah actually said those words and points out that the only version
we have of this story is the English version. There is nothing to indicate if Oukanekah spoke in English or Cherokee, or if
his words were recorded at the time they were spoken or were written down later. Conley also points out that in Cherokee culture,
the Sun was considered female, so it is curious that King George would be looked upon as the Sun. The "redness" of Native
American skin was a European perception. The Cherokee would have described themselves as brown. But Conley does not overly
dwell on these things. He continues to tell the story using the sources available. The skill of Conley in communicating his
ideas never diminishes. This book is highly recommended as a good place to start the study of Cherokee history. It serves
as excellent reference material and belongs in the library of anyone serious about the study of Native Americans.
Additional Sources: Official Records
of the Union and Confederate Armies; Vernon H. Crow, Storm in the Mountains: Thomas' Confederate Legion of Cherokee Indians
and Mountaineers; Walter Clark, Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-1865;
National Park Service: American Civil War; National Park Service: Soldiers and Sailors System; Weymouth T. Jordan and Louis
H. Manarin, North Carolina Troops, 1861-1865; D. H. Hill, Confederate
Military History Of North Carolina: North Carolina In The Civil War, 1861-1865; Christopher M. Watford, The Civil War
in North Carolina: Soldiers' and Civilians' Letters and Diaries, 1861-1865. Volume 2: The Mountains; William F. Fox, Regimental
Losses in the American Civil War.
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