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| Thomas' Legion |
| Introduction & How to Use this Site |
| Cherokee Chief William Holland Thomas |
| Causes and Motives: American Civil War |
| Organization of Union and Confederate Armies: Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery |
| American Civil War: Union and Confederate Navies |
| American Civil War: The Soldier's Life |
| American Civil War: Casualties, Battles and Battlefields |
| Civil War's Turning Points |
| Civil War Casualties, Fatalities & Statistics |
| Civil War Generals |
| American Civil War Desertion and Deserters: Union and Confederate |
| Civil War Prisoner of War Prison Union Confederate Prisons |
| Aftermath and Reconstruction |
| Civil War Genealogy and Research Tools |
| American Civil War Pictures - Photographs |
| African Americans and American Civil War History |
| NORTH CAROLINA HISTORY |
| North Carolina American Civil War Statistics, Battles, History |
| North Carolina Civil War History and Battles |
| North Carolina Civil War Regiments and Battles |
| North Carolina Coast: American Civil War |
| HISTORY OF WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA |
| Western North Carolina and the American Civil War |
| Western North Carolina Civil War |
| HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS |
| Cherokee Indians: American Civil War |
| History of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indian Nation |
| Cherokee Indian Heritage, History, Culture, Customs, Ceremonies, and Religion |
| Cherokee War Rituals, Culture, Festivals, Government, and Beliefs |
| Researching your Cherokee Heritage |
| Recommended American Indian History |
| North Carolina: American Civil War Photos |
| Thomas' Legion Papers, Diaries, and Memoirs |
| American Civil War Polls |
| Civil War History |
| Recommended American Civil War History |
| Civil War Video Games |
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History, details, facts, pictures, and maps for: Cherokee Indians and the American Civil War, Cherokee
Nation Declaration and the Civil War, Native Americans during the Civil War, "American Indians: Confederate," and "Cherokee
Indians: Union."
| Confederate Cherokee Indian Veterans |

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| 1903 New Orleans Confederate Reunion |
(Final Formal Surrender of Confederate forces "East of the Mississippi")
(Final Formal Surrender of Confederate forces "West of the Mississippi")
Recommended
Viewing: Indian Warriors - The Untold Story of the Civil
War (History Channel) (2007). Description:
Though largely forgotten, 20 to 30 thousand Native Americans fought in the Civil War. Ely Parker was a Seneca leader who found
himself in the thick of battle under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant. Stand Watie--a Confederate general and a Cherokee--was known for his brilliant guerrilla tactics.
Continued below...
Also highlighted is Henry Berry Lowery, an Eastern
North Carolina Indian, who became known as the Robin Hood of North Carolina. Respected Civil War authors, Thom Hatch and Lawrence
Hauptman, help reconstruct these most captivating stories, along with descendants like Cherokee Nation member Jay Hanna, whose
great-grandfathers fought for both the Union and the Confederacy. Together, they reveal a new, fresh perspective and the very personal reasons
that drew these Native Americans into the fray.
Recommended
Reading: The
American Indian in the Civil War, 1862-1865 (Bison Book) (403 pages) (University
of Nebraska Press). Description:
Annie Heloise Abel describes the divided loyalties of Native Americans and the American Civil War and
makes it vividly clear that it brought only chaos and devastation to the Indian Territory.
For example, she describes in detail the 1862 Battle of Pea Ridge, a bloody disaster for the Confederates but a glorious moment
for Colonel (later promoted to "General") Stand Watie and his Cherokee Mounted Rifles. The Indians were soon swept
by the war into a vortex of confusion and horror.
Recommended Reading:
Storm in the Mountains: Thomas' Confederate Legion of Cherokee Indians and Mountaineers (Thomas' Legion: The Sixty-ninth North Carolina Regiment). Description: Vernon H. Crow,
Storm in the Mountains, spent 10 years conducting extensive Thomas Legion's research. Crow was granted access
to rare manuscripts, special collections, and privately held diaries which add great depth to this rarely discussed Civil
War legion. He explores and discusses the unit's formation, fighting history, and life of the legion's commander--Cherokee
chief and Confederate colonel--William Holland Thomas. Continued below...
Numerous maps and photographs allow the reader to better
understand and relate to the subjects discussed. It also contains rosters which is an added bonus for researchers and
genealogists. Crow, furthermore, left no stone unturned while examining the many facets of the Thomas Legion and his
research is conveyed on a level that scores with Civil War students and scholars alike.
Recommended Viewing: The
Great Indian Wars: 1540-1890 (2009) (230 minutes). Description: The year 1540 was a crucial turning point in American history. The Great Indian Wars were incited by Francisco Vazquez de Coronado when his expedition
to the Great Plains launched the inevitable 350 year struggle between the white man and the
American Indians. This series defines the struggles of practically every major American
Indian tribe. It is also a fascinating study of the American Indians' beginnings on the North American Continent,
while reflecting the factional splits as well as alliances. Continued below...
The Great
Indian Wars is more than a documentary about the
battles and conflicts, wars and warfare, fighting tactics and strategies, and weapons of the American Indians. You will journey
with the Indians and witness how they adapted from the bow to the rifle, and view the European introduction of the horse to
the Americas and how the Indians adapted and perfected it for both hunting and
warfare. This fascinating documentary also reflects the migration patterns--including numerous maps--and the evolution
of every major tribe, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of each tribe. Spanning nearly 4 hours and filled
with spectacular paintings and photographs, this documentary is action-packed from start to finish.
Recommended Reading: The
Blue, the Gray, and the Red: Indian Campaigns of the Civil War (Hardcover) (288 pages). Description:
Inexperienced Union and Confederate soldiers in the West waged numerous bloody campaigns against the Indians during the Civil
War. Fighting with a distinct geographical advantage, many tribes terrorized the territory from the Plains to the Pacific,
as American pioneers moved west in greater numbers. These noteworthy--and notorious--Indian campaigns featured a fascinating
cast of colorful characters, and were set against the wild, desolate, and untamed territories of the western United States.
This is the first book to explore Indian conflicts that took place during the Civil War and documents both Union and Confederate
encounters with hostile Indians blocking western expansion. Continued below...
From
Publishers Weekly: Beginning with the flight
of the Creeks into Union territory pursued by Confederate forces (including many of Stand Watie's Cherokees), this popular
history recounts grim, bloody, lesser-known events of the Civil War. Hatch (Clashes of the Cavalry) also describes
the most incredible incidents.... Kit Carson, who fought Apaches and Navajos under the iron-fisted Colonel Carleton,
arranged the Long Walk of the Navajos that made him infamous in Navajo history to this day. The North's "Captain" Woolsey,
a volunteer soldier, became a brutal raider of the Apaches. General Sibley, a northerner and first Governor of Minnesota,
oversaw the response to the Sioux Uprising of 1862 that left several hundred dead. The slaughter of Black Kettle's Cheyennes at Sand Creek in 1864 by Colorado
volunteers under Colonel Chivington, a militant abolitionist whose views on Indians were a great deal less charitable, “forms
a devastating chapter.” Hatch, a veteran of several books on the Indian Wars that focus on George Armstrong Custer,
has added to this clear and even-handed account a scholarly apparatus that adds considerably to its value.
Recommended
Reading: Civil
War in the Indian Territory, by Steve Cottrell (Author), Andy Thomas (Illustrator). Review: From its beginning with the bloody Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, to its end in surrender
on June 23, 1865, the Civil War in the Indian Territory proved
to be a test of valor and endurance for both sides. Author Steve Cottrell outlines the events that led up to the involvement
of the Indian Territory in the war, the role of the Native
Americans who took part in the war, and the effect this participation had on the war and this region in particular. As in
the rest of the country, neighbor was pitted against neighbor, with members of the same tribes often fighting against each
other. Continued below...
Cottrell describes
in detail the guerrilla warfare, the surprise attacks, the all-out battles that spilled blood on the now peaceful state of
Oklahoma. In addition, he introduces the reader to the interesting and often colorful
leaders of the military North and South, including the only American Indian to attain a general's rank in the war, Gen. Stand
Watie (member of the Cherokee Nation). With outstanding illustrations by Andy Thomas, this story is a tribute to those who
fought and a revealing portrait of the important role they played in this era of our country's history. Meet The Author:
A resident of Carthage,
Missouri,
Steve Cottrell is a descendant of a Sixth Kansas Cavalry member who served in the Indian
Territory during the Civil War. A
graduate of Missouri Southern State College in Joplin, Cottrell has participated in several battle reenactments including the Academy
Award winning motion picture, "Glory". Active in Civil War battlefield preservation and historical monument projects and contributor
of a number of Civil War relics to regional museums, Cottrell recently co-authored Civil War in the Ozarks, also by Pelican.
It is now in its second printing.
Recommended Reading:
The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War (Hardcover). Description: This book
offers a broad overview of the war as it affected the Cherokees--a social history of a people plunged into crisis. The Cherokee
Nation in the Civil War shows how the Cherokee people, who had only just begun to recover from the ordeal of removal, faced
an equally devastating upheaval in the Civil War. Clarissa W. Confer illustrates how the Cherokee Nation, with its sovereign
status and distinct culture, had a wartime experience unlike that of any other group of people--and suffered perhaps the greatest
losses of land, population, and sovereignty. Continued below…
No one questions the horrific
impact of the Civil War on America, but few realize its effect on American Indians. Residents of Indian Territory found the war especially devastating. Their homeland was beset not only by regular
army operations but also by guerrillas and bushwhackers. Complicating the situation even further, Cherokee men fought for
the Union as well as the Confederacy and created their own "brothers' war." About the Author:
Clarissa W. Confer is Assistant Professor of History at California University of Pennsylvania.
Recommended
Reading: The Eastern Band of Cherokees, 1819-1900, by John R. Finger. Review from University
of Tennessee Press:
This volume presents the story of the Eastern Band of Cherokees during the nineteenth century. This group – the tribal
remnant in North Carolina
that escaped removal in the 1830’s – found their fortitude and resilience continually tested as they struggled
with a variety of problems, including the upheavals of the Civil War and Reconstruction, internal divisiveness, white encroachment
on their lands, and a poorly defined relationship with the state and federal governments. Yet despite such stresses and a
selective adaptation in the face of social and economic changes, the Eastern Cherokees retained a sense of tribal identity
as they stood at the threshold of the twentieth century. Continued below…
“Most
scholars, like most Cherokees, have tended to follow the Trail of Tears west with scarcely a backward glance at the more than
1,000 Indians who stayed behind in the North Carolina
mountains. In this pathbreaking book, John R. Finger combs federal, state, and local archives to tell the story of these forgotten
natives.”
-- Journal
of Southern History
“This
work is a significant contribution to the literature on this long-ignored group….Finger works [his] sources well and
out of them has produced a narrative that is readable and that puts the Eastern Band of Cherokees as a tribal entity into
a clear, historical perspective.”
-- American
Historical Review
John R. Finger
is professor of history at the University
of Tennessee, Knoxville.
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