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U.S. Census Numbers and Percentages for Each State
Free Blacks, Slaves, and Total Blacks
(United States Census Bureau)
Census Year |
# Slaves |
# Free blacks |
Total black |
% free blacks |
Total US population |
% black of total |
1790 |
697,681 |
59,527 |
757,208 |
7.9% |
3,929,214 |
19% |
1800 |
893,602 |
108,435 |
1,002,037 |
10.8% |
5,308,483 |
19% |
1810 |
1,191,362 |
186,446 |
1,377,808 |
13.5% |
7,239,881 |
19% |
1820 |
1,538,022 |
233,634 |
1,771,656 |
13.2% |
9,638,453 |
18% |
1830 |
2,009,043 |
319,599 |
2,328,642 |
13.7% |
12,860,702 |
18% |
1840 |
2,487,355 |
386,293 |
2,873,648 |
13.4% |
17,063,353 |
17% |
1850 |
3,204,313 |
434,495 |
3,638,808 |
11.9% |
23,191,876 |
16% |
1860 |
3,953,760 |
488,070 |
4,441,830 |
11.0% |
31,443,321 |
14% |
1870 |
0 |
4,880,009 |
4,880,009 |
100% |
38,558,371 |
13% |
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Source: University of Virginia Library
Recommended Reading: Inhuman
Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Description: Winner of a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award, David Brion
Davis has long been recognized as the leading authority on slavery in the Western World. Now, in Inhuman Bondage, Davis sums up a lifetime of insight in this definitive account of New World
slavery. The heart of the book looks at slavery in the American South, describing black slaveholding planters, rise of the
Cotton Kingdom,
daily life of ordinary slaves, highly destructive slave trade, sexual exploitation of slaves, emergence of an African-American
culture, abolition, abolitionists, antislavery movements, and much more. Continued below…
But though
centered on the United States, the book offers a global perspective spanning four continents. It
is the only study of American slavery that reaches back to ancient foundations and also traces the long evolution of anti-black
racism in European thought. Equally important, it combines the subjects of slavery and abolitionism as very few books do,
and it connects the actual life of slaves with the crucial place of slavery in American politics, stressing that slavery was
integral to America's success as a nation--not
a marginal enterprise. This is the definitive history by a writer deeply immersed in the subject. Inhuman Bondage offers a
compelling portrait of the dark side of the American dream.
Recommended Reading: The SLAVE
TRADE: THE STORY OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: 1440 - 1870. School Library
Journal: Thomas concentrates
on the economics, social acceptance, and politics of the slave trade. The scope of the book is amazingly broad as the author
covers virtually every aspect of the subject from the early days of the 16th century when great commercial houses were set
up throughout Europe to the 1713 Peace Treaty of Utrecht, which gave the British the right
to import slaves into the Spanish Indies. The account includes the anti-slavery patrols of the 19th century and the final
decline and abolition in the early 20th century. Continued below...
Through the skillful weaving of numerous official reports, financial documents, and firsthand accounts, Thomas explains
how slavery was socially acceptable and shows that people and governments everywhere were involved in it. This book is a comprehensive
study from African kings and Arab slave traders to the Europeans and Americans who bought and transported them to the New World. Despite the
volatility of the subject, the author remains emotionally detached in his writing, yet produces a highly readable, informative
book. A superb addition and highly recommended.
Recommended Viewing: Africans in America:
America's Journey Through Slavery,
Starring: Angela Bassett, Jeremy Rabb, Andre Braugher, Eric Foner, and Kemp Harris. Review: "Everything you thought you knew
about slavery is about to be challenged." So says WGBH about its six-hour series Africans in America, and they are absolutely right. Interviews with historians and luminaries
such as General Colin Powell, dramatic re-creations of important events, and beautiful photography create a vivid and compelling
story of over 400 years of tragedy. Ten million Africans died on the journey to America
alone; they and the countless numbers whose lives were wasted in servitude find a voice in Angela Bassett's outstanding narration.
At once scholarly and moving, Africans in America
should be required viewing for anyone interested in the American condition.
Recommended Reading: The
Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics. Review From Publishers Weekly: The perennial
tension between principle and pragmatism in politics frames this engaging account of two Civil War Era icons. Historian Oakes
(Slavery and Freedom) charts the course by which Douglass and Lincoln, initially far apart on the antislavery spectrum, gravitated
toward each other. Lincoln began as a moderate who advocated banning slavery in the territories while tolerating it in the
South, rejected social equality for blacks and wanted to send freedmen overseas—and wound up abolishing slavery outright
and increasingly supporting black voting rights. Conversely, the abolitionist firebrand Douglass moved from an impatient,
self-marginalizing moral rectitude to a recognition of compromise, coalition building and incremental goals as necessary steps
forward in a democracy. Continued below...
Douglass's
views on race were essentially modern; the book is really a study through his eyes of the more complex figure of Lincoln.
Oakes lucidly explores how political realities and military necessity influenced Lincoln's
tortuous path to emancipation, and asks whether his often bigoted pronouncements represented real conviction or strategic
concessions to white racism. As Douglass shifts from denouncing Lincoln's foot-dragging to
revering his achievements, Oakes vividly conveys both the immense distance America
traveled to arrive at a more enlightened place and the fraught politics that brought it there. AWARDED FIVE STARS by americancivilwarhistory.org
Recommended Reading: Bound for
Canaan: The Epic Story of the Underground Railroad, America's
First Civil Rights Movement. From Publishers Weekly: Though the Underground Railroad is one of the touchstones of American collective memory,
there's been no comprehensive, accessible history of the secret movement that delivered more than 100,000 runaway slaves to
freedom in the Northern states and Canada.
Journalist Bordewich (Killing the White Man's Indian) fills this gap with a clear, utterly compelling survey of the Railroad
from its earliest days in Revolution-era America
through the Civil War and the extension of the vote to African Americans in 1870. Using an impressive array of archival and
contemporary sources (letters, autobiographies, tax records and slave narratives, as well as new scholarship), Bordewich reveals
the Railroad to be much more complicated--and much more remarkable--than is usually understood. Continued below…
As a progressive
movement that integrated people across races and was underwritten by secular political theories but carried out by fervently
religious citizens in the midst of a national spiritual awakening, the clandestine network was among the most fascinatingly
diverse groups ever to unite behind a common American cause. What makes Bordewich's work transcend the confines of detached
social history is his emphasis on the real lives and stories of the Railroad's participants. Religious extremists, left-wing
radicals and virulent racists all emerge as fully realized characters, flawed but determined people doing what they believed
was right, and every chapter has at least one moment--a detail, a vignette, a description--that will transport readers to
the world Bordewich describes. The men and women of this remarkable account will remain with readers for a long time to come.
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